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Title: Operation Gladio
Description: NATO stay behind armies in Europe


Azrael - November 30, 2006 07:13 PM (GMT)
Just out of curiosity.

Gladio was created after WWII to make it easier for Europe implement a resistance movement if the Soviet Union should attack Europe. In Italy several terrorist attacks occured and were blamed on the far (communist) left. After a parliamentry investigation, not only in Italy but in several European countries, uncovered the existance of so called NATO stay behind armies.

The head of Gladio (the italian wing of the stay behind army) said the following:
QUOTE

"General Geraldo Serraville, a former head of "Office R", told the
terrorism commission that at a crucial Gladio meeting in 1972, at least
half of the upper echelons "had the idea of attacking the communists before
an invasion.  They were preparing for civil war." Later, he put it more
bluntly: "They were saying this: "Why wait for the invaders when we can
make a preemptive attack now on the communists who would support the
invader?"
(Ed Vulliamy, Guardian, 5/12/90)


and

QUOTE

"General Geraldo Serraville, head of Gladio from 1971 to 1974, told a
television programme that he now thought the explosion aboard the plane
Argo 16 on 23 November 1973 was probably the work of gladiatori who were
refusing to hand over  their clandestine arms.  Until then it was widely
believed the sabotage was carried out by Mossad, the Israeli foreign
service, in retaliation for the pro-Libyan Italian government's decision
to expel, rather than try, five arabs who had tried to blow up an Israeli
airliner.  The Arabs had been spirited out of the country on board the Argo
16." (Charles Richards, independent, 1/12/90)


You can read more information at:
http://users.westnet.gr/~cgian/gladio.htm
and others if you google gladio.

NK-44 - December 1, 2006 10:01 PM (GMT)
to learn more about the gladio, watch the bbc-docu from 1991:

911video.de

(just go to the "false-flag"-section

John Doe II - March 16, 2007 10:00 AM (GMT)
OPERATION GLADIO IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. A MUST KNOW!

And while the Reichtagsfire is still disputed under historians Operation Gladio is officially acknowledged fact. Therefore I strongly urge Loose Change to skip the Reichtagsfire and concentrate on Gladio.

And here an excerpt from my online book on Gladio:




Ever heard of Operation Gladio?
“Recent research has revealed secret armies have existed across Western Europe during the Cold War. Coordinated by NATO, they were run by the European military secret services in close cooperation with the CIA and the British foreign secret service. Trained together with US Green Berets and British Special Air Service,
these clandestine NATO soldiers, armed with underground arms-caches, prepared against a potential Soviet invasion and occupation of Western Europe, as well as the coming to power of communist parties. The clandestine international network covered the European NATO membership, including Belgium,
Denmark,
France,
Germany,
Greece,
Italy,
Luxemburg,
Netherlands,
Norway,
Portugal,
Spain,
and Turkey,
as well as the neutral European countries of Austria,
Finland,
Sweden,
and Switzerland.
The existence of these clandestine NATO armies remained a closely guarded secret throughout the Cold War until 1990, when the first branch of the international network was discovered in Italy. It was code-named “Gladio,”.
While the press claimed the NATO secret armies were “the best-kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II,” the Italian government, amidst sharp public criticism, promised to close down the secret army. Italy insisted identical clandestine armies had also existed in all other countries of Western Europe.
This allegation proved correct and subsequent research found that in Belgium, the secret NATO army was code-named SDRA8,
in Denmark Absalon,
in Germany TD BDJ,
in Greece LOK,
in Luxemburg Stay-Behind,
in the Netherlands I&O,
in Norway ROC,
in Portugal Aginter,
in Switzerland P26,
in Turkey Counter-Guerrilla,
and in Austria OWSGV.
However, the code names of the secret armies in France, Finland, Spain, and Sweden remain unknown.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle...20existed%22%22


These stay behind armies not only prepared for a Soviet invasion and occupation but also took their task very seriously to prevent the rise of Communist Parties in Western Europe.

Germany
In 1980 a bomb exploses at the Oktoberfest. Thirteen people were killed, over 200 were injured, 68 seriously.
Most likely the explosives came from a post-occupation supply of the German stay-behind army.
(Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift, Heft 2 1991, 123
Der Spiegel, 4/11/05)

Greece
1967
“The stay-behind army Hellenic Raiding Force takes over control over the Greek Defence Ministry and starts a military coup d’état installing a right wing dictatorship.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Turkey
1960
“In Turkey the military supported by secret armies stages a coup d’état and kill Prime Minister Adnan Menderes.http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/chronology.htm
1977
“In Turkey the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla attacks a demonstration of 500'000 in Istambul by opening fire at the speaker's platform leaving thirty-eight killed and hundreds injured.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Former president Bulent Ecevit remarked only days after the massacre:
"The finger of the counter-guerrillas was (this) incidents.”
(Turkish Daily News, 5/1/01)

1980
“the commander of the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla, General Kenan Evren, stages a military coup and seizes power.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Portugal
The secret network in Portugal was called “Aginter Press”. Allegdly, the network has been involved in assassination operations in Portugal and their colonies in Africa.
(Joao Paulo Guerra, « Gladio » actuou em Portugal. In Portugese daily « O Jornal », 11/16/90=

The Italian investigation concluded:
“(This unit,) according to the latest documents acquired by the criminal investigation, was an information center directly linked to the CIA and the Portuguese secret service that specialized in provocationoperations.”
(Senato della Repubblica. Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause dellamancata individuazione dei responsabiliy delle stragi: Il terrorismo, le stragi ed il contesto storico politico.Redatta dal presidente della Commissione, Senatore Giovanni Pellegrino. Roma 1995, 204 and 241)

1969
“In Mocambique the Portugese stay-behind army Aginter Press assassinates Eduardo Mondlane, President of the Mocambique liberation party.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Spain
1977
“The secret stay-behind army with support of Italian right-wing terrorists carries out the Atocha massacre in Madrid and in an attack on a lawyer's office closely linked to the Spanish Communist party kill five people. »
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Belgium
1985
“A secret army attacks and shoots shoppers in supermarkets randomly in the Brabant county killing twenty-eight and leaving many wounded.
Investigations link the terror to a conspiracy among the Belgian stay-behind SDRA8, the Belgian Gendarmerie SDRA6, the Belgian right-wing group Westland New Post, and the Pentagon secret service Defense Intelligence Agency”.
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

Italy
During the Cold War, the United States and Great Britain feared the strong Italian Communist Party, in alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, might weaken NATO from within.
Italian judge Felice Casson who discovered the existence of a secret NATO army in summer 1990 explained on BBC the motive of Operation Gladio:
“That’s to say, to create tension within the country to promote conservative, reactionary social and political tendencies. While this strategy was being implemented, it was necessary to protect those behind it because evidence implicating them was being discovered. Witnesses withheld information to cover right-wing extremists”
(BBC, 4/4/91)

Examples:
1964
“Gladio is involved in a silent coup d’état when General Giovanni de Lorenzo in Operation Solo forces the Italian Socialist Ministers to leave the government.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

1969
When a bomb exploded at a bank in Milan “16 people were killed and 58 wounded in what became known as the Piazza Fontana massacre.”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/s...000/3953999.stm
It is attributed to anarchist bombers and over 4000 arrests were made.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/s...000/3953999.stm
But Vincenzo Vinciguerra who is serving a life-sentence for the Peteano bombing confessed:
“The (...) explosion was supposed to be the detonator which would have convinced the politic and military authorities to declare a state of emergency”.
http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/font...na/fontana.html
“Thirty years later during a trial of right-wing extremists General Giandelio Maletti, former head of Italian counter-intelligence, claims that the massacre had been carried out by the Italian stay-behind army and right wing terrorists on the orders of the US secret service Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in order to discredit the Italian Communists.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle.../chronology.htm

1972
Three policemen died in the Peteano attack, and for which the Red Brigades (BR) had been blamed before.
But Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted in 1995 and confessed:
“With the massacre of Peteano, and with all those that have followed, the knowledge should by now be clear that there existed a real live structure, occult and hidden, with the capacity of giving a strategic direction to the outrages. (...) There exists in Italy a secret force parallel to the armed forces, composed of civilians and military men, in an anti-Soviet capacity - that is, to organise a resistance on Italian soil against a Russian army... A secret organisation, a super-organisation with a network of communications, arms and explosives, and men trained to use them... "A super-organisation which, lacking a Soviet military invasion which might not happen, took up the task, on Nato's behalf, of preventing a slip to the left in the political balance of the country. This they did, with the assistance of the official secret services and the political and military forces..."
(Guardian, 12/5/90
online : http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cutt..._5dec1990.html)

1978
Prime minister Aldo Moro was murdered by the Second Red Brigades in obscure circumstances. The head of the Italian secret services, accused of negligence, was a P2 member.
The so-called "historic compromise" between the Christian-Democracy and the PCI was abandoned.
("As the conspiracy theorists would have it, Mr. Moro was allowed to be killed either with the acquiescence of people high in Italy’s political establishment, or at their instigation, because of the historic compromise he had made with the Communist Party"
Independent, 11/16/90)

1980
The Bologna bombing at the Central Station killed 85 people and wounded more than 200.
“The Independent” reports:
“In 1984 a convicted neo-fascist, Vincenzo Vinciguerra, was questioned by Bologna investigators. He testified that he had been recruited for an earlier car bomb attack near Venice by Gladio. (...) Forensic reports demonstrated conclusively that explosive from one Gladio arms dump had been used in the Venice car bombing. In Bologna, says Mr Trombetti, experts concluded that the blast, which demolished one wing of the station, was caused by ''retrieved military explosive''. He is reluctant to be more specific but says one can draw one's own conclusions.”
(Independent, 10/10/93)

In 2000 a parliamentary investigation into Gladio concluded the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States in order to “stop the PCI, and to a certain degree also the PSI, from reaching executive power in the country.”
(Senato della Repubblica. Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancataindividuazione dei responsabiliy delle stragi: Stragi e terrorismo in Italia dal dopoguerra al 1974. Relazione delGruppo Democratici di Sinistra l’Ulivo. Roma June 2000, 3)
“Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organised or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence”
http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/st...,335764,00.html

General Giandelio Maletti, a former head of Italian counterintelligence concluded
“The CIA, following the directives of its government, wanted to create an Italian nationalism capable of halting what it saw as a slide to the left, and, for this purpose, it may have made use of right-wing terrorism”.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/st...,462976,00.html

Upon learning of the discovery, the parliament of the European Union (EU) drafted a resolution sharply criticizing the fact:
“for over 40 years this organization has escaped all democratic controls and has been run by the secret services of the states concerned in collaboration with NATO,
fearing the danger that such clandestine network may have interfered illegally in the internal political affairs of Member States or may still do so, whereas in certain Member States military secret services (or uncontrolled branches thereof) were involved in serious cases of terrorism and crime as evidenced by, various judicial inquiries, whereas these organizations operated and continue to operate completely outside the. law since they are not subject to any parliamentary control and frequently those holding the highest government and constitutional posts are kept in the dark as to these matters, whereas the various `GLADIO' organizations have at their disposal independent arsenals and military resources which give them an unknown strike potential”
(Debate of the European Parliament, 11/22/90
online:http://www.poptel.org.uk/cgi-bin/dbs2/statewatch?query=Gladio&mode=records&row_id=4)
Therefore the European Parliament
“Condemns the clandestine creation of manipulative and operational networks and Calls for a full investigation into the nature, structure, aims and all other aspects of these clandestine organizations or any splinter groups, their use for illegal interference in the internal political affairs of the countries concerned, the problem of terrorism in Europe and the possible collusion of the secret services of Member States or third countries;
Protests vigorously at the assumption by certain US military personnel at SHAPE and in NATO of the right to encourage the establishment in Europe of a clandestine intelligence and operation network”.
(Debate of the European Parliament, 11/22/90
online:http://www.poptel.org.uk/cgi-bin/dbs2/statewatch?query=Gladio&mode=records&row_id=4)
Only Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland carried out parliamentary investigations.”
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/colle...tern_Europe.pdf

United Kingdom
Here an example now that maybe wasn’t Gladio but still fits perfectly the pattern:
1989
“A rogue army intelligence unit plotted with Loyalist terrorists to carry out at least 26 sectarian murders in Ulster (...). Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir John Stevens said there was damning proof agents from the Force Research Unit colluded with Protestant gunmen to help assassinate IRA members and then went on to hide evidence.”
(Mirror, 4/18/03)

And here is what Sir John Stevens concluded after his 14 years probe:
“I have uncovered enough evidence to lead me to believe that the murders of Patrick Finucane and Brian Adam Lambert could have been prevented. I also believe that the RUC investigation of Patrick Finucane’s murder should have resulted in the early arrest and detection of his killers. I conclude there was collusion in both murders and the circumstances surrounding them. Collusion is evidenced in many ways. This ranges from the wilful failure to keep records, the absence of accountability, the withholding of intelligence and evidence, through to the extreme of
agents being involved in murder.
The failure to keep records or the existence of contradictory accounts can often be perceived as evidence of concealment or malpractice. It limits the opportunity to rebut serious allegations. The absence of accountability allows the acts or omissions of individuals to go undetected. The withholding of information impedes the prevention of crime and the arrest of suspects.
The unlawful involvement of agents in murder implies that the security forces sanction killings.
My three Enquiries have found all these elements of collusion to be present. The co-ordination, dissemination and sharing of intelligence were poor. Informants and agents were allowed to operate without effective control and
to participate in terrorist crimes. Nationalists were known to be targeted but were not properly warned or protected. Crucial information was withheld from Senior Investigating Officers. Important evidence was neither exploited nor preserved.”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/nort...tml/default.stm

Sounds familiar?





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